MANILA, Philippines — The prosecution at the International Criminal Court (ICC) laid out its case against former President Rodrigo Duterte on Monday, describing what it called a “widespread and systematic attack” on civilians that began during his tenure as Davao City mayor and continued into his presidency.
ICC Deputy Prosecutor Mame Mandiaye Niang cited insider witnesses, including former members of the Davao Death Squad (DDS) and police officers, who described a strict hierarchy in which major killings required direct approval from Duterte. One insider said that “clearance” from the mayor was the final step before any execution.
The prosecution detailed an incentive structure allegedly implemented when Duterte became president: police were reportedly armed, given logistical support, and offered cash rewards per victim. Those who carried out killings could receive promotions or public recognition, while those who hesitated faced a “culture of fear,” according to testimony.
The charges focus on three sets of killings: 19 victims in Davao City from 2013 to 2016 by the DDS, 14 “high-value targets” from 2016 to 2017, and 45 victims—including three children—during barangay clearance operations from 2016 to 2018.
Presiding Judge Antoanella Motoc emphasized that the confirmation of charges hearing does not determine Duterte’s guilt or innocence but will establish whether there are substantial grounds to believe the alleged crimes against humanity were committed. Duterte’s defense team includes former Executive Secretary Salvador Medialdea and former Cabinet members Martin Delgra, Sylvestre Bello III, and Salvador Panelo.